lib/vsprintf.c: eliminate potential race in string()

If the string corresponding to a %s specifier can change under us, we
might end up copying a \0 byte to the output buffer.  There might be
callers who expect the output buffer to contain a genuine C string whose
length is exactly the snprintf return value (assuming truncation hasn't
happened or has been checked for).

We can avoid this by only passing over the source string once, stopping
the first time we meet a nul byte (or when we reach the given
precision), and then letting widen_string() handle left/right space
padding.  As a small bonus, this code reuse also makes the generated
code slightly smaller.

Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Maurizio Lombardi <mlombard@redhat.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>